20 Writing Mistakes Even Native Speakers Make

Writing is not a very easy task and requires immense learning and practice. If you are a writer by profession and make mistakes quite often, do not worry because there are certain grammatical mistakes that even native speakers make. Following are 20 most common mistakes that almost everyone make: Me and I The use of ‘me’ and ‘I’ in any sentence could be mistaken quite often. Both of these words are correct to use but you have to recognize which one fits well in the sentence. ‘Alex and me are going out for dinner’ is incorrect but ‘Alex and I are going out for dinner’ fits well so you can recognize this by reading it. Lose and loose The difference between both is that lose is a verb which expresses the loss of something while loose is an adjective which means released from attachment or not bounded together. While a few writers mistakenly add an extra ‘o’, majority confuse both the words and so here is the difference between both. Its and it’s Both are correct in their own context but writing experts suggests people to avoid the latter because of being categorized as a slang word. ‘It’s’ is a short form of it is which is to be used in a different manner from its. In simpler words, ‘its’ is a possessive pronoun! There, their and they’re Many writers unintentionally confuse these three words for each other which is not a flaw within you. There is an adverb, there is a possessive pronoun and they’re is simply a short form of they are. Whose and who’s The former is a possessive form of who while the latter is a short form of who is so you must keep this in mind. Students are often aware of this difference but still forget when it is time to apply. Your vs. You’re Your is a possessive pronoun and is used formally in almost every formal situation while you’re is a slang of you are. While in a hurry, people might interchange these terms with one another. Write and right As a college student, you must be aware of the differences between the two terms but confusing these words is common when in hurry. Write is a verb and right is an adjective so make sure you use them wisely in your writing. Effect and affect Former is a noun which means a result while latter is a verb which means to act on. Accept and except Accept is a verb which means to take or receive while except is a preposition which means excluding. Gone and went Gone is the past participle while went is the past tense of ‘to go’. Comma splice You must have made a mistake when two independent clauses are linked with only a comma in between which violates the rules of English. Hear and Here Here is an adverb while hear is verb so use both of these similar words carefully when writing. Irregardless and regardless A common mistake that some native speakers even made was the use of irregardless instead of regardless. Irregardless is not any word in the dictionary! Plural form and apostrophe Students often use the apostrophe in an incorrect manner due to which a word does not changes into plural. For example, a lot of cats instead of ‘a lot of cat’s’ can define this point. Use of prepositions inappropriately Another mistake that even native speakers make is the use of prepositions incorrectly, Dangling participle A mistake that can completely change the meaning and flow of your writing is dangling participle. Two, too and to With to as a preposition, too as an adverb and two as Noun, students often mistake one of these words with the people. Then and than Then is an adverb which means immediately or soon afterwards while than is used after comparative adjectives. Were, where and we’re Were is a past tense of ‘to be’, where is an adverb while we’re is a short form of we are. Could have and could of A common argument that remains between native speakers and foreigners is that could of is very close to could have so they confuse both.

Communicate with animal essays

Communicate with animal essays Its so amazing to know that animal can communicate with human. I think a lot of people would surprise to know that, but its not a baseless parlance because we can see an example from Koko who has been taught to use American Sign Language by an institution called Gorilla Foundation. Right now Koko can use more than one thousand signs for food, drink and more. Since we have had a successful example on exploiting Kokos ability, we should have confidence to exploit other animals besides Koko. So, I think we should spend money and time to try to communicate with animals such as Koko the gorilla because knowing the ideas from animals is an amazing investigation; in contrast, it can raise peoples awareness of animal protection and it would probably become a great tourism business within years. The importance of protecting animals can be learnt by communicating with animals. Biologists claim that the difference between animals and human beings is human can analyze and communicate with their fellow creatures. Before the process of evolution, humans were as alike as any kind of ape or gorilla, except for the difference in the brain. After ages and ages, human has become the smartest creature in the earth. As time passed by, people dont remember their position in the nature anymore. We try to improve our living standard and ignore the existence of other animals. Our strength has been shown to the nature by harming other creatures and eventually the natural world is no longer balance now. Some species are in danger of extinction. Did they deserve to be extinct? Why should we deprive them of their right of living on the earth? Didnt the animals and we use to be the same? Thats because they are not able to say no or to fight against us. Accordingly, the animals can be protected if we can communicate with them. Teaching gorilla American Sign Language is the fir ...

Managing Employees Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Employees Relations - Essay Example Models of Employee Relationships The models of employee relationships hovers basically around two approaches-individualism and collectivism. In the individualistic approach focus is rendered on the development of the productive capacity of individual employees in the concern. The development of the employees on an individual network can be accomplished through formal training approaches or through motivating the people through financial or other rewards to render productivity to the concern. This practice helps at enhancing both the commitment and loyalty of the employees working in the concern. Similarly the workers can be called for participation in the decision making activities in the concern. This helps in the enhancement of participative management in the concern. In contrast to the individualism approach the organisations also work on the collectivism approach that depends on a great extent on the existence of trade union bodies. Through the existence of trade union bodies the organisations can encourage the employees to take part in decision making activities regarding such events that tend to directly have impact on them. Like the trade unions can be encouraged by the human resources managers of the concern to collectively bargain with the employees in regards to their wage and employment needs (Purcell, 1987, p.536, 538). In regards to the above discussion the paper focuses to understand the employee relation practices employed at ACME in regards to the various events involving the employees of the concern. Identification of the Management Style Used by ACME Recruitment The management style of ACME in the recruitment process focuses not only on the experiences of the candidate but also on the knowledge potential of the person that would be helpful to serve the concern. Moreover the recruitment process also involves the incorporation of a psychometric test that not only gauges the potential of the individual but also helps the managers in gauging the i ndividual based on different situations. Again recommendations from the family circle of employees is not entertained rather friends or colleagues of employees working in like position are called for interview. A major chunk of the potential roles in the organization are filled in by internal people. Though the management focuses on engaging fresh blood from the society for the primary roles the bigger posts are filled in by people working previously in the organization. This recruitment process entailed by the organization is justified in that it aims to evaluate the skills and aptitude of the people or the interviewees in relation to the posts created in the concern. This helps in effectively matching the ability of the workers to the needs of the concern. Moreover the use of psychometric tests in the organization also helps in conforming the skill sets of the employee along with rightly judging the personality traits of the individual needed to match the concern’

Failures in Scope Control when Developing a Web Portal for EBazar.com Essay

Failures in Scope Control when Developing a Web Portal for EBazar.com - Essay Example Problems have emerged, however, that have not allowed the projects to progress smoothly into phases of development that are needed to stay current and continue to evolve in relationship to trends and competition. The problem of scope has been determined to be the primary issue in developing IT projects for the firm, scope creep being a serious issue as every project for IT expansion has experienced change that comes from allowing individual departments the ability to add to the project in ways that lay decidedly outside of their original scope. The following report discusses how scope and the consequences of scope in relationship to time and cost are relevant to the efficient development of projects under the project manager for the firm. Without developing good practices in quality project management in relationship to defining and maintaining scope, the past problems will continue to plague future projects for EBazar.com and the position of project manager will be operating at a lo wer level of quality that is needed to serve the needs of the project. 2. Web-Portal Project A web portal is defined as a way for business to create a consistency in how their site operates, providing for procedures that use multiple applications and databases which would not otherwise be able to be tied together. Web portals are classified generally in two different states: either horizontal or vertical. A horizontal portal provides for several entities to be tied together within the website space. A vertical portal, which can also be termed a ‘vortal’, is specific entry into information that is relevant to a set of related topics, or even just one specific topic. This can also be defined by the concept of the vertical information portal (VIP) which will provide news and editorial content, publications, and e-commerce together through the use of dynamic multi-media applications which include blogging and social networking (Lazar 2001, p. 4). The purpose of creating a w eb portal is to allow a user to have multiple accesses to the site through a single sign-in function. Aggregation of content is an important part of the efficiency with which a website works, which is essential for an e-commerce operation. Through designing this portal for EBazar.com, the gap between the company and the consumer will be reduced, allowing smoother operations to produce higher firm performance (Al Zabar 2008, p. 12). 2.1Ready Made Versus Custom Design One of the most important problems to be addressed in creating a web portal is in making sure that it provides control of access to data that is presented available to the consumer. The heart of control for a web portal is the ability to customize the use of widgets so that content users can create customization without compromising speed and security. When using ASP.NET, as an example, the default page allows widgets to be added and subtracted without having to refresh (Al Zabar 2008, p. 12). Capacities to use ready-mad e software in order to create the portal that was needed for EBazar.com was discarded in favour of customizing the project so that it would reflect the unique nature of the business. This required an extensive project in which the scope of the project was initially limited through the current definitions of the web parts

My First Conk from Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My First Conk from Malcolm X - Essay Example Blacks thus degrade their natural bodies without realizing that such degradations are embarrassing as Malcolm says that it seems foolish to see women having green and pink wigs to look like whites. Moreover, none of the blacks are ever thinking of gaining similar education or intelligence as that of the whites (Malcolm, 131). Conked hair and wigs illustrates that blacks have been brainwashed because even in the modern world, most blacks still feel inferior to the whites. Blacks are always ready to endure the pain of conk hair even after knowing that it does not make a black person more adorable. This is based on the argument by Malcolm that no woman will admire a man based on his hair appearance no matter how well the conk is; it does not add any value to the man (Malcolm, 136). In conclusion, before Malcolm realized that conk hair was a degradation of his natural body, he was willing to endure the pain to look like the whites but after he discovered that blacks had been brainwashed to think they are inferior to the whites, he has never had a conk (Malcolm, 141). All black individuals need to do as Malcolm did and instead of trying to be like the whites, they should instead study hard to better than the

Overview Of Aloe Vera

Overview Of Aloe Vera Aloe Vera is known as a TRUE ALOE. It is mostly used in herbal medicines so it is also known as FIRST AID PLANT or MEDICINAL PLANT. The ALOE word was derived from the aerobic word-alloeh which means BITTER SUSSTANCES. Aloe is an emollient resin with the softening properties. It belongs to family Liliaceae [1]. 1.1.1 HISTORY:- Aloe vera was considered to one of best medicinal plants used in the treatment of various health conditions. It was first understood by Egyptians to having multiple nature of it properties [19]. But Aloe Vera was first discovered in 1862 by German Egyptologist -George Fbers. But its first English translation was found in 1655 by John Goodyear in Dioscorider de materia medica, and he wrote aloe is very better in taste. Aloe Vera has been used by many different cultures: Indians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, have all used aloe Vera as a medicinal or healing plant. Botanists have find more than 300 species of aloe Vera like rumex, barbadensis etc. Out of this species, only five have strongest medical benefits likes Aloe barbadensis miller, Aloe perryi baker, Aloe ferox,Aloe saponaria , Aloe arborescens. Aloe barbadensis miller is mostly widely used and most potent as well. Throughout the history of aloe vera, the plant is in various form having tropical properties-refered as plant of immorality. It is belonging to lily family because flower produce annually in the spring which resembles of ester lily. [1-2]. 1.1.2 COMMON NAME:- Chinese aloe, True aloe, Indian aloe, First aid plant, Medicinal plant, Miracle plant ,Barbadose aloe, Burn aloe and many more [1]. 1.1.3 SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Aloe barbadensis, Aloe capensis [1]. 1.1.4 ALTERNATIVE NAME:- Aloe Vera has a different name in worldwide like, In India-Ghrtakumari But in Gujarat and Rajasthan its known as Gwarpatha,In Pakistan-quargandal which is used in unani medicine,In Indonesia-lidah buaya,In Thailand- crocodile tail plant,In south Africa-sabila [2]. 1.1.5 DESCRIPTION:- Aloe Vera grows in to the dreary climates or land. So it is mostly found in the India, Africa, Caribbean, and other dry climates. Aloe Vera is a short stem or stems less plant. It mainly contains leaves and flowers. Aloe leaves are in green in colour and thick with the same variety. The size of leaves is 50-60 cm long and 4-5 cm thick. The margin of the leaves is serrated. But plants bear flowers once in a year in summer season. Flowers contain tubular collar which is yellow in colour and contain aloe tic juice can be collected by cutting the leaves close to stem. The structure of aloe leaf shows an outer cortex which is hard duo to the present of calcium and magnesium. Tubes of xylem and phloem were found below the cortex and its supplied water and minerals to leaves [1]. 1.2 CHEMICAL CONSTITUTE:- Aloe Vera has weird medicinal properties. Botanists have found more than 200 important nutritional constituents in aloe Vera leaf which having to perform a function. They are MINERALS like Calcium, Sodium, Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Manganese (Essentials for bones, Regulates acidic or alkaline level of body fluid), VITAMINS like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid(To develop new blood cells), ENZYMES like lipase, Peroxidise (Helps indigestion), SUGAR like Monosaccharides and polysaccharides include Sucrose, lactose(Maintain cholesterol level, Improve the strengthening of bones),LIGNINS which are the Cellular substances which hasnt medicinal benefits But it has an accessing property. AMINO ACID which are required by human body provided by aloe Vera like Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Theonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylamine, STEROL like Camp sterol, sitosterol(Pain killing properties),ANTHRAQUINONES like Aloin, Anthranol, Aloetic acid, Barbaloin, Isobarbaloin and Aloe emodin Aloe emodine [4] Aloin [3] And OTHERS like Salicylic acid,Tannins,Monosulfonic acid, Acemannam,Water [1-2]. Aloes Vera mainly contain 96-99% of water and constitutes are in rare part. So its work in based on SYNERGISTIC ACTIONS which means working together of two or more substance and give greater action as compare to single substance. This phenomenon was explained by Dr.Atherton [1-2]. 1.3 CULTIVATION OF ALOE VERA [1-5]:- Aloe Vera grown commercially for its high demand in cosmetic industries and treatment of healing in India. It has medicinal properties due to its bitter taste. Aloe Vera grown in a rainless climates or land. Its cant stay in cold temperature. So it is grown in all part of South Africa and India like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and many more. Soil requirement for all species are coarse sandy loam soil with some fertility. In addition, it is noticed that its growth was easier and faster in black cotton soil in central India with the nearly by acidic ph. For the perfect growth of Aloe Vera, lane should not distribute below the level of 20-30cm. Aloe Vera need a flat land and should be exact level with 2-3 farming. Plant should plant with some distance because of irrigation. Distance between two fields was 10m X 3m. The proper time of suckers should be planted in month of July-August in monsoon season because suckers get proper water to grow up and survival. Suckers should have 3-4 mouth old having 3-4 leaves and 20-22 c long. About 30,000 suckers needed for one hectare planting. After planting suckers, soil around the root should press and waste must be made proper to avoid the sluggishness. Irrigation is necessary a critical stage to proper growth of plant. First irrigation is required after planting suckers followed by 4-6 per year which is reducing by every time. Weeding should be carried out after planting the plant and two or three weeding carried out throughout year. All the species of Aloe Vera are insusceptible to most of insects and pests from any part of county. But sometime bugs, leaves dots have been reported in some part of country because of light irrigation. Generally yield obtained from 2 to 5 year after plating. Average yield after 2 year is around 15-20 t/ha fresh leaves. Well managed irrigated crop give around 30-35 t/ha fresh leaves. Fully well developed leaves give an ALOE JUICE. After harvesting, marketing of Aloe Vera leaves is not fully developed in our country. 1.4 USES:- Aloe Vera is well known for its medicinal properties since centuries. The plant is able to cure a wide range of disease. The part of plant like leaves, leaf gel is used clinically. Some respective uses of Aloe Vera are (1) EXTERNAL USES-Use in treatment of burns, allergic reaction, wounds,acne,Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatic fever, Acid indigestion cuts, Inflammatory condition of digestive system, Sun burn ulcers, Kill mould,bacteria,viruses,fungus,Wrinkles etc (2)COMMERCIAL USE: Aloe Vera is widely use in cosmetics and many more like in ointments,pills,jelly,lotion,bevareges.as a foodstuff etc [1-6]. (3)MEDICINAL USE-They are Treatment of diabetes because it reduce blood sugar, Treatment of AIDS, Protect from lung cancer, Aloe juice is used for consumption issues, Prevent fungal infection, Prevent vaginal infection, Prevent scarring,Eczema,Constipation,Intestinal infection, Relieves from candiala,Treatment of hyperglycaemia, Maintain level of cholesterol, Injection of Aloe Vera extracts to treat cancer, Skin disorder. And some of general use like Antibacterial properties, Antifungal properties, and Prevent radiation induced injuries, Inhibit growth of streptococcus species in vitro [1-6]. 1.4.1 ALOE PREPARATIONS: some of the aloe preparation which are widely use like aloe vera shampoo, aloe vera lotion, aloe vera gel, aloe vera juice, aloe vera eating, aloe vera butter, aloe vera dried herbs powders, aloe vera shower gel, and aloe vera vegetarian capsules [1]. 1.4.2 SIDE EFFECT AND SAFETY PRECAUTION: Aloe Vera has a medicinal or healing properties, it does come with some disadvantage. Aloe Vera gel, aloe Vera cream does not having major side effect but other preparation like juice, shampoo butter, having certain impediment like, Diarrhea,Blood electrolyte imbalance, Constipation, Muscle weakness, Abnormal heart rhythms [7]. Aloe Vera injection is to be avoided because of having fatalities. It can cause death with cancer patients Aloe Vera should be avoided while pregnancy, children, breast feeding [7]. ALPHA-GLUCOSIDES INHIBITORS: 1.5 INTRODUCTION TO ALPHA-GLUCOSIDE ENZYME: It is a class of a medication for type-2 diabetes which decrease blood sugar level by decreasing carbohydrates from the intestinal. Discovery of alpha-glucosides inhibitors has been very useful to develop therapeutic for the treatment for the carbohydrate- mediated disease like diabetes. Two classes of drugs like glycosidase inhibitors and lipase inhibitors which lower blood glucose by changing the absorption level of fat and carbohydrates [8-9]. Alpha glucosides inhibitors like acarbose, miglitol, voglibose have been studies in Europe country but some of these are also available in united state [8]. Alpha -glucosidase inhibitors reduce the impact of carbohydrates blood sugar by inhibit the upper level of gastrointestinal [8]. 1.5.1 MECHANISM OF ACTION: Alpha glucosides inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of 1alpha glucosidase which are located in the brush border of small intestinal (epithelial cells). These inhibitors bind to the oligosaccharide binding site of the enzyme and delay digestion of polysaccharide resulting slow down food digestion in gut [10]. While the gastrointestinal tract dose not play a important role in the cure of diabetes, but changing its physiological activity can be used to control disease. In these case alpha-glucosides inhibitors are used. Alpha glucosides delay digestion of carbohydrates by hydrolyses of oligosaccharides into monosaccharide. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors can be used to reduce glycemic excussions and hypoglycaemia having type-1 diabetes. Moreover it is used in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes and its decrease plasma triglyceride [11]. Alpha glucosides inhibitors have evidence helpful for the people with diabetes who havent able to keep their blood sugar level within a safe range. In such case inhibitors like acarbose and miglitol help to keep the blood sugar level in safe range by slowing a rate of intestinal which absorbed sugar from blood while eating. These inhibitors can cause low blood sugar while used in combination with other medication for diabetes or with insulin. Diabetic people who are regularly using insulin but once they are use alpha glucosidase inhibitors than they reduce use of insulin [12]. CHAPTER- 2 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. 2.1 INTRODUCTION: Chromatography is the separation of a mixture into single components by using mobile and stationary phase. High performance liquid chromatography is widely use in analytical chemistry and industrial level to identify components. It is one of the fastest growing techniques in pharmaceutical industry for analysis of mixture os substance. It is also knows as high pressure liquid chromatography. It is a high improved as compare to column chromatography. Smaller particle size cans (3-20ÂÂ µ) be analysed by hplc and allows much better separation of a components. Detection method is used in hplc which are highly automated and extremely sensitive as compare to column chromatography [13-14]. Some of the advantage over column chromatography is, (a) small stationary phase are used with widely range available, (b) column which are used in hplc which are made up of metal and small in size so no fear to breakage, (c) hplc is available in analytical and preparative scale. But some of disadvantage over column chromatography like cost of equipment is high so handle with care, operating pressure is high (500-3000 psi)[14]. Basic principle is base on adsorption. When a mixture of components is introduced in to column, they are travel according to their affinity. The components which has a more affinity towards adsorbent, travel slower and vice versa [14]. ÂÂ ®NORMAL PHASE HPLC: Here, stationary phase is polar in nature and mobile phase is non polar in nature. In this method non polar components eluted first because of less affinity. The column is fitted with a silica gel and hexane used as a solvent. Column length is 150-250 mm and less than 4.6 mm diameter [13-14]. ÂÂ °REVERSE PHASE HPLC: Here, stationary phase is non polar and mobile phase is polar in nature. Polar components eluted first. Column size is same but modify to make a non polar by using long chain of hydrocarbons like C8,C12,C4,octadecyl and mixture of water and alcohol use as a solvent. In this case strong attraction between polar solvent and molecular in the mixture passed through column. So it is common phase of hplc [13-14]. 2.2TYPES OF HPLC TECHANIQES: -There are major four type of hplc as below, (1)Partition chromatography: In 1952, Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge were awarded a Noble prize in chemistry to development of these techniques. So it is first techniques which developed for the separation of components like amino acid. These chromatography principles are also applied to the thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography to separates the components. (2) Adsorption chromatography: The main hplc principle is based on adsorption. Here components can be separated because of difference in affinity of components towards normal or reverse phases [14]. (3) Ion exchange chromatography: It is most frequently used chromatography for the separation and purification of protein, nucleic acid, polypeptides, and other charged molecular. It is a succeful technique because of its high capacity, simplicity, and high resolution power. The main principle is base on reversible exchange of ions between ion present in the solution and those present in ion exchange resin [15]. ÂÂ ®Cation exchange:- Solid-H+ + M+ === solid-M+ + H+ (Solution) (Solution) ÂÂ ®Anion exchange: Solid-OH- + A- ==== solid-A- + OH- (Solution) (Solution). [14] Separation in ion exchange chromatography depends upon reversible adsorption of charged solute molecular to ion exchange group of opposite charge. Some of the functional group used in ion exchange chromatography is [16], NAME OF ANION FUNCTION GROUP Diethyl amino ethyl -O -CH2-CH2-N+H(CH2CH3)2 Quatemary amino ethyl -O-CH2-CH2-N+H(C2H5)2-CH2CHCH-CH3 NAME OF CATION FUNCTION GROUP Carboxymethyl -O-CH2-COO- SULPHOPROXY -O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-O-CH2-CH2SO3- (4)Size exclusion chromatography: It is also know as a gel chromatography. In 1959, Porath and Flodin described the separation of water soluble components by this chromatography. As soon as gel had commercially available, they were extensively used for the separating purpose [17]. Here gel used as molecular sieve and hence mixture of substance with different molecular sieze are separated. Soft gel like dextran, polyacrylamide are used [14]. It is used to analysis of synthetic polymers and oligomes, lipids, natural macromolecular like protein, glucose, cellulose derivatives, and crude oil alkenes [17]. HPLC techniques also has two different class like (a) analytical HPLC-it is used when analysis very small amount of sample are needed. And (b) preparative HPLC- it is used when separation of few gram of mixture by HPLC. But it is also can classified on base of separation and there are (a) analytical HPLC: Where only analysis of the samples is done. Recovery of the samples for reusing is normally not done, since the sample used is low. Eg. mg quantities. And other is (b) preparative HPLC: Where the individual fractions of pure compounds can be collected using fraction collector. The collected samples are reused eg. Separation of few grams of mixtures by HPLC [14]. 2.3 INSTRUMENTATION [13-14]: Brief introduction of instrumental techniques are as follows, (1)PUMP: Mechanical and pneumatic pump are used in hplc. Mechanical pump operates with constant flow rate where pneumatic pump operates with constant pressure. Its necessary to use pump because solvent must passed through column at high pressure. (2) SOLVENT DEGASSING: In isocratic techniques, mobile phase are prepared by using mixture of solvents, than passed through column with under high pressure resulting bubble formed, so it cannot give proper result or steady baseline. So before using solvent mixture in HPLC, degassing is necessary. So some of degassing technique is use like ultrasonication. HPLC (3)COLUMN: -Two types of column used in HPLC, ÂÂ ® Guard column: It is also known as safety column. Any impurities present in solvent or mobile phase which can predict by guard column. ÂÂ ®Analytical column: It widely use which can decided efficiency of separation. Different column size is available depending upon separation. Column made up of stainless stell, glass, poly ether ether kiton etc. (4)DETECTORS: -They are (a)UV detectors: Many organic compounds absorbed UV light of different wavelength. Two type of UV detectors are available depends on wavelength- short wavelength and long wavelength. By UV detector we can get direct reading is how much light is observed. (b) Flurometric detectors: It can be used for the substance which can absorbed florescence light. (c) Conductivity detectors (d) Refractive detectors (e)PDA detectors which are similar to UV detectors. (5)RECORDER: They are used to recorded response from detectors. It can record base line and retention time of peak. Now a day computer is used to recording data. 2.4 HPLC PARAMETERS: 2.4.1 INTERNAL DIAMETER: Internal diameter of the hplc column play an important role in detection or separation of compounds. For the laboratory use small column was used but in industrial level big column was used. 2.4.2 RETENTION TIME: it is a defined as a time between point of injection and appearance of peak. It measure in minute or seconds. 2.4.3 RETENTION VOLUME: Retention volume in the volume of mobile phase required eluting 50% of the compounds from the column, Retention time = Retention time.Flow rate. 2.4.4 PUMP PRESSURE: Pumps which are used in hplc very in pressure depends on separation. Modern HPLC system has been improved to work at high pressure so they are able to separate small particle size from mixture. 2.4.5 THEORETICAL PLATE: It is a functional unit of the column. Distribution of solute between stationary phase and mobile phase has attained equilibrium in the plate. High of the plate depends on efficiency of separation. It is knows as a HETP(HIGHT EQUIVELENT TO THEORITICAL PLATE). If HETP is less, than column is more efficient and if HETP is more, than column is less efficient. HETP is given by Van Deemter equation HETP = A + (B/u ) + Cu Where, A = Eddy diffusion term or multiple path diffusion which arises due to packing of the column. This is unaffected by mobile phase velocity or flow rate. This can be minimised by uniformity in packing. B = Longitudinal diffusion term or molecular diffusion which depends on flow rate. C = Effect of mass transfer which depends on flow rate. u = Flow rate or velocity of the mobile phase. 2.5 APPLICATION OF HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography has a large divergence of application. Initially it was just used to analysed antibiotic, vitamins by development of reverse phase [18]. High performance liquid chromatography can analysed very minor amount of substance like monograms at analytical scale to micrograms at preparative scale. It is used in a food analysis, biotechnology, biochemical separation, pharmaceutical field, and chemical industries like dyes, fatty acid, toiletry products [14].High performance liquid chromatography has a easy and good reproducibility so it has been widely use in clinical laboratory. One of the initially application of hplc in the field of clinical was quantification of theophyline in asthmatic infant [18]. Some of important applications are as likes,(a) Isolation of natural product,(b)Quantitative analysis or assay of product,(c)Identify, analysing and purification of compound mixture,(d)To check purity of compound mixture,(e) To find physical properties of compounds,(f)Used in analysing water pollution [18]. The quantity of amount is also determined by hplc which including following method [14], ÂÂ ® By comparing standard and sample peak area, the quantity of sample can be determined which is known as a DIRECT COMPRISION METHOD. ÂÂ ® To find concentration of sample by plotting graph between peak area vs. concentration of the standard drug and intrapolation of unknown sample which is known as CALIBRATION METHOD. Hplc play an important role in drug discovery with the combination of NMR. It is also useful to identify various chemical species with the combination with mass spectroscopy. It play valuable role in therapeutic drug monitoring to separation of drug from plasma which is quick process [14]. It has some advantages over other chromatography like, (a) Thin layer chromatography is inexpensive but it cant give batter resolution to compare HPLC. (b) Mass spectroscopy required a large capacity of maintain budget and skillfull person to run chromatography but in HPLC its not high budgt. (c) For the HPLC we have large number of mobile phase is available so we have versatility in choice of mobile phase as compare to other chromatography. (d) Atomatic injection system are available in HPLC, so its time saving and give high resolution as compare to other [20]. 2.6 LIMITATION OF HPLC: It is a time consuming method. Analysis of the compound mixture, mobile phase (mixture of components) are used resulting large amount of waste solution are obtained [14]. CHAPTER- 3 EXTERIMENT 3.1 AIM: The aim of project was to known batter separation of standard solution of Aloe Vera stem in mobile phase by using isocratic hplc techniques and find enzyme activity on it by using assay whether it is more potent or less potent. 3.2 CHROMATOGRAPHY EQUIPMENTS: 3.2.1 HPLC SYSTEM: This system is manufactured by Agilent technology 1200 series with model no G1310A and serial no DE62956545. 3.2.2 SOFTWEAR USED: The software used was Microsoft Windows XP. 3.2.3 COLUMN USED: The column used was Kromaril 5C18 which is made up of stainless still. 3.2.4 APPARATUS USED: Pipette with different size available like 1000land 5000ÂÂ µl, Analytical balance, Volumetric flask (10ml, 20ml), Funnel, 100ml Beaker, Measuring cylinder (500ml, 50ml, 20ml,10ml),Filter paper which made by Fischer scientific with size 0.45ÂÂ µm, Filter holder made up of pyrex brand glass. 3.2.5 PREPARATION OF MOBILE PHASE: The mobile phase used was a mixture of a methanol and water with ratio of 50:50. So take methanol and water, mix well, and filter to remove any solid particle followed by degassing to remove air bubble. Than it is ready for experiment. We are using isocratic system so mobile phase may vary in concentration like, 20:80, 30:70. 3.2.6 PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION OF ALOE VERA: The standard solution of aloe vera stem was provided by Dr.solomon sir and after that i have to dilute in methanol to make up volume to 0.40mg/2ml. 3.3PROCEDURE: First set up the hplc system and run with mobile phase for half an hours. Than inject standard solution of aloe Vera stem and run for half an hours, take the graph. Now change the concentration of mobile phase and again repeat same procedure until you get batter separation. Then compare all graphs with each other and reach to conclusion. Here we were using two different wavelengths like 280nm and 360nm. 3.5 ASSAY: Assay technique was used to determined enzyme activity of a substance. Here we were using alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Basic principle involved in assay was, phosphate buffer contain free radical which has no colour but when it come across with standard solution, retain its colour after incubation. So colour change like colourless to yellow colour took place. SOLUTION USED IN ASSAY: Here we have to prepare solution for the assay was 25ÂÂ µl, 1.2 U/ml alpha-glucosidase, 25 ÂÂ µl of phosphate buffer, standard solution of aloe vera, 25 ÂÂ µl of 2.5 mM pNPG and finally if proper colour change was not occur than add terminating solution 100 ÂÂ µl of 0.2 M Na2Co3. 3.5.1 PROCUDURE: 1 2 3 4 E 1 2 3 4 5 6 BLANK Concentration in raw at no 1-0.50mg/ml, raw no 2- 0.25mg/ml, raw no 3- o.125mg/ml, and raw no 4- 0.0625mg/ml. Here all the column from 1 to 6 filled by 25ÂÂ µl,1.2 U/ml alpha-glucosidase, then add 25ÂÂ µl of phosphate buffer , add 25ÂÂ µl of test solution, and finally add 25ÂÂ µl of 2.5 mM pNPG. And then transfer 2.5ÂÂ µl solution from low concentration to high concentration. Than kept mixture for some time and incubate plate at 37ÂÂ °C for 10 min. and tested absorbance.

Richard Whites Friendship and Commitment :: Friends Morals Loyalty Papers

Richard White's Friendship and Commitment In this paper, I will examine the duties of friendship. I will look at arguments in favor of the view that there are special moral duties involved in friendship, but will ultimately reject this view. I will then explain what role I see friendship having in morality even without these duties. In Richard White’s article â€Å"Friendship and Commitment†, White argues that friendship is an â€Å"inherently moral activity† (81). He argues that part of being a friend is having certain obligations, like being helpful or emotionally available. These are obligations that are above and beyond what we owe to a stranger. He also thinks that being a friend involves a commitment. He says specifically, â€Å"when I spend time with someone, accept their help, and make myself available to that person, by sharing the more intimate aspects of myself, I am also creating an expectation that is equivalent to a commitment, given the institution of friendship and all that it commonly entails† (82). In being someone’s friend, aside from the commitments and obligations, he argues, you are also morally endorsing her. That is, you are implicitly saying that there is something valuable about them – that your friend is someone worth knowing. Let us suppose that all of this is actually the case – that friendship really does imply certain commitments, obligations, and endorsements. Do any of these matter morally? I’ll address endorsements first, followed by obligations and commitments. When someone is your friend, this seems to imply that you think there is something valuable about that person. But the things I find valuable in her might have nothing to do with morality – for instance, she might be intelligent and able to argue effectively. She might make me laugh. She might be fun to be with. None of these are morally relevant, and yet a combination of them would probably be sufficient for me to be friends with someone. As such, it seems that being a friend with someone does not actually imply a moral endorsement of that person.

Did Government Violate Laissez-Faire Essay

After the Civil War, many businessmen endorsed the Laissez-Faire concept of government in order to promote industry. In this concept, government did not interfere with industry. But what came with this concept was unlimited freedom for businessmen and high prices for consumers. While many businessmen supported a Laissez-Faire concept of government between 1865 and 1900, the people did not benefit from it, which led government to violate this concept with their policies, but only to a moderate extent overall. They violated laissez-faire to a moderate extent by issuing Railroad Land Grants before 1870 and eliminating them after, to a great extent by Regulating Interstate Commerce with the Interstate Commerce Act in 1886, and only to a limited extent by attempting to control trust activities with the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, producing a moderate government involvement overall. Government began to violate the concept of Laissez-Faire with its Railroad Land Grants. Laissez-Faire promoters believed that â€Å"†¦the government is best which governs least. † While industrialists promoted this concept, it was already being violated when the Federal Government gave thousands of acres of land to Railroad companies in return for building railroads. These subsidies, in the form of loans and land grants, totaled over 130 million acres of public land. (Doc D. ) The federal government issued these grants in hope that the railroad would increase the value of the land and provide better rates for carrying mail and transporting troops. More railroads continued to be built, including four other transcontinental railroads. Of these four, James Hill’s Great Northern Railroad was the only one to be built without federal subsidies. These grants benefited the Railroad financiers greatly, especially Jay Gould who went into the business to make quick profit by selling off the assets and watering stocks. The grants were justified by financiers by saying that the railroads provided for settlement of the west and attracted immigrants, giving the land more credit, which was the government’s main purpose to begin with. However, as more competition entered the industry, the railroad system began to fail, and, in the 1870’s the Federal government recognized this problem and terminated their policy of grants to railroads. This policy prohibited the issuing of subsidies to associations or corporations engaged in public or private enterprises. (Doc F) By issuing this resolution, Congress eliminated itself from the railroad industry, promoting the concept of Laissez-Faire. So while congress was a large part of industry before 1870, violating Laissez-Faire, they eliminated themselves from it, and promoted Laissez-Faire from that point on. This shows that congress violated Laissez to a moderate extent, because they violated it before 1870 but not after. Later, government violated Laissez-Faire in another way, by regulating interstate commerce. Before 1886, many states had Granges, social and educational organizations for farmers and their families who aimed to defend its members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads. Grangers in many states successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating railroad rates. In the case of Munn v Illinois in 1877, the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, like railroads. But these laws, called Granger laws, could only regulate local and short-haul rates within their states. In the case of Wabash v. Illinois in 1886, the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce: that was left up to the federal government. Because many railroad companied raised their long-haul rates after the granger laws were adopted, the federal government needed to respond to the outcry of farmers and shippers. It recognized that the railroad industry’s benefits had been attained to, in effect, â€Å"†¦ build up the strong at the expense of the weak†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc J. ) The federal government worked to fix this problem by passing the Interstate Commerce Act in 1886. This Act required railroad rates to be â€Å"reasonable and just,† and set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC. ) This law affected the railroad industry greatly, and the results were astounding. In effect, it increased railroad earnings, and put an end to rebates and drawbacks. (Doc L. ) This act was huge in government intervention in industry. By issuing this act, the federal government aimed to help the cries of the farmers and shippers, and in effect violated laissez faire by involving itself directly in the railroad industry from state to state, and also nullified previous laws regulating the railroad industry passed in individual states. This shows that the government did violate industry to a great extent when it came to regulating Interstate Commerce. As a select few became very wealthy by forming trusts in their particular industries, the government violated Laissez-Faire by trying to control trust activities. In the 1880s, many middle class citizens feared the power that trusts gave industrialists, and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich men in America. Because so many businessmen were developing trusts and were the only ones benefiting from business, John Sherman, a Senator from Ohio, was inspired to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 by reformers who failed to curb trusts on the state level. The Act prohibited any â€Å"contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce. Sherman believed the act would provide every man with his â€Å"†¦right to work, labor, and produce†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and to transport his production on equal terms. (Doc N. ) The Act, however, hardly did that. It was purposely written vaguely in order to promote loose interpretation. This was partly because those holding the trusts were bribing state legislatures. Since the state legislatures appointed senators, and senators were all represented equally in each state, monopolists would bribe the state legislatures in order to get the candidate they wanted in the senate, who in turn would affect the passage of anti-trust laws. There were very few federal prosecutions issued under the act between its passing in 1890 and 1901, a total of 17 in 11 years. (Doc Q. ) In one particular case of United States v E. C. Knight Co in 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. (Doc P. ) Because of this case, the US Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was changed during the Progressive Era. So while the federal government attempted to regulate the industry and prevent trusts, it barely did so. Because of the weak wording of the act, trusts failed to stop developing. The federal government involved itself in the industry because of the complaints and fears of the powers that those who held trusts had, and though it involved itself in the industry by issuing a law and enforcing it slightly, the supreme court rulings and loose interpretation of the law allowed little alterations to the industry, showing that the federal government only violated laissez-faire to a limited extent. As it can be assumed, the businessmen of industrial era promoted laissez-faire only when it benefited their business. They manipulated people in order to gain what they wanted-a monopoly. As economic problems began to surface with the laissez-faire system, government began to intervene. Though they were involved to a great extent in the railroad system initially, they eliminated themselves from it after 1870, only violating the laissez-faire system to a moderate extent overall. When it came to interstate commerce, the government violated laissez-faire to a great extent by issuing the interstate Commerce Act. And with this issue of trust activities, the government only intervened to a limited extent by passing the Sherman Antitrust Act and then failing to execute it. All of these things show that government violated laissez-faire to a moderate extent, and this was because the laissez-faire system did not benefit society as a whole and government needed to fix economic and social problems.

Free Essays on Use Of Poetic Devices In Poe’s The Raven

Use of Poetic Devices in Poe’s The Raven In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, he uses many devices commonly seen in poetry. These devices are what makes his poem effective to the reader and draws the reader into the story being told. He also uses these devices to set an uneasy tone in the poem so the reader can never predict what is to happen next. In The Raven, Poe sets the poem at midnight in the cold, gloomy month of December, â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (997) This setting fulfills Poe’s desire to create a dismal tone. He uses midnight as it is a very dark and mysterious time of day. â€Å"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (997) Poe chose December because it is a time when trees and wildlife are dead and many people stay inside, this gives the poem a feeling of death and solitude. The month of December can also be give the reader the impression of the ending of a major part of the narrator’s life, being that December is the end of the year. Poe uses two major tones in his poem, that of melancholy and of mourning. Rather than simply describing the narrator to be sitting in a room, Poe says he sits in a chamber which sparks thoughts of solitude and loneliness. He gives the room a creepy feel, as he describes things he sees around the room, â€Å"And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor†¦ silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me – filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before.† (997) Poe describes the fire as casting ghosts on the floor to make the reader feel an uneasy presence in the room. The second part of the quote further sets a feeling of melancholy, describing the curtains as being sad, while incorporating the narrator’s fear to show that something unexpected is to happen next. Poe incorporates the use of symbolism to make his readers really think about the objects in his poem and what ... Free Essays on Use Of Poetic Devices In Poe’s The Raven Free Essays on Use Of Poetic Devices In Poe’s The Raven Use of Poetic Devices in Poe’s The Raven In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, he uses many devices commonly seen in poetry. These devices are what makes his poem effective to the reader and draws the reader into the story being told. He also uses these devices to set an uneasy tone in the poem so the reader can never predict what is to happen next. In The Raven, Poe sets the poem at midnight in the cold, gloomy month of December, â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (997) This setting fulfills Poe’s desire to create a dismal tone. He uses midnight as it is a very dark and mysterious time of day. â€Å"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (997) Poe chose December because it is a time when trees and wildlife are dead and many people stay inside, this gives the poem a feeling of death and solitude. The month of December can also be give the reader the impression of the ending of a major part of the narrator’s life, being that December is the end of the year. Poe uses two major tones in his poem, that of melancholy and of mourning. Rather than simply describing the narrator to be sitting in a room, Poe says he sits in a chamber which sparks thoughts of solitude and loneliness. He gives the room a creepy feel, as he describes things he sees around the room, â€Å"And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor†¦ silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me – filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before.† (997) Poe describes the fire as casting ghosts on the floor to make the reader feel an uneasy presence in the room. The second part of the quote further sets a feeling of melancholy, describing the curtains as being sad, while incorporating the narrator’s fear to show that something unexpected is to happen next. Poe incorporates the use of symbolism to make his readers really think about the objects in his poem and what ...

Top Pointers For Writing Proper Diagnostic Essays

Top Pointers For Writing Proper Diagnostic Essays Diagnostic Essay: Pointers for a Successful Essay A diagnostic essay aims at enlightening the strengths and weaknesses of the student to the teachers so that they can be assisted accordingly, and shape the curriculum altogether. They are mostly administered at the beginning of a term or a semester. For a diagnostic essay, the students are not expected to excel, but rather express the skills and knowledge they have currently, and how they can use them accordingly. This test follows the standard five-paragraph essay format; the introduction, three body paragraphs, and the conclusion.   All the students are given the same topic to write about, although at given instances, you are provided with two or three topics to choose from. Since diagnostic essays are time-bound, you are required to have a well-thought plan in your mind regarding what you are about to tackle. This involved awarding enough time to brainstorm your topic, think it over, write the essay to your best knowledge, and finally proofread your work before submitting it. Writing the introduction The introduction is an integral part of your essay as it highlights ideas that the reader expects as he or she reads through your work from the start to the end. You should begin working on your introduction, only if you have completely understood your topic of discussion, brainstormed it, and you have substantial ideas that are to be presented in your main body paragraphs. In simple terms, make an effort of being conversant with what you are introducing. It is a creative approach to first paraphrase the topic of discussion given to write about. After this, you need to come up with three essential points that will be expounded on and supported with relevant information in your body paragraphs. You are to introduce them in your introductory paragraph briefly. For instance, if you were to write about the hardest encounters you have had in your life, do not place your focus on only one decision. You can present three variables and accord them a scope. So, each paragraph of your main body will be associated with each alternative you have come up with. The end of your introduction should be made of the thesis statement, which is the main idea of your diagnostic essay. Writing the main body As mentioned earlier, the main body of your diagnostic essay should be made up of three paragraphs. Each paragraph should represent one of the three key ideas you mentioned in the introductory paragraph. At this stage, you are to expound on them and back each with its related information to give it credibility. The first body paragraph should be the sturdiest of them all.   For example, using the topic on the hardest encounter of your life, the first paragraph should talk about which was your hardest encounter, as per your point of view. Use the elements that support your point of consideration from your thesis statement to give the reader reason as to why you consider that particular encounter as the hardest. The second body paragraph should talk about the second hardest encounter of your life.   Use the information that supports your point of consideration from your thesis statement, to give the reader your reason for considering this particular encounter as your second hardest. The third paragraph is the least hard of the three encounters. You should convince the reader why you still considered this encounter as one of your hardest, bearing in mind it is the third on your list. As required, apply the information that supports your point of consideration from your thesis statement, and explain to the reader your reason for putting that particular encounter as your third hardest encounter. Writing the conclusion A good essay requires a well-articulated conclusion. You should, however, remember that your essay is under limited time and you need to end your essay with a captivating overview. This is the reason why a diagnostic essay should be brief.   The main idea here is to give the reader an impression the whole topic has been fully addressed. If your question was from a prompt, make sure that you have answered the provided question.   Keep in mind that you are not allowed to introduce new information in your conclusion paragraph. Your conclusion should consist of your restated thesis statement, and an outline of the main points that you have provided an argument for in your body paragraph. For instance; relating to our example, list your three hardest encounters, list the supporting reasons describing why you think some encounters are harder than the others and conclude a statement that describes why a particular encounter was the hardest. The outline for a diagnostic essay To summarize what we have learned, below is a brief outline for a diagnostic essay: Introduction Restated topic or prompt The main points Thesis statement The most important point of discussion The second most important point of discussion The third most important point of discussion Conclusion: a list of the main points discussed and the solution to the prompt provided. Proofread your essay With the limit in time for writing the essay, you will probably write your work hastily. This will make your work vulnerable to mistakes such as those in grammar, punctuation, and spellings. Even though your diagnostic essay will not be graded, you still need to ensure that your work can be read and interpreted as you intended. For this reason, ensure that you spare some time to go through your essay and do the necessary corrections before submitting it. Be sure to follow the structural outline required or provided to ensure your work has a logical flow of ideas. Also, avoid padding your work (filling it up with unnecessary words).

Human origins, human problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human origins, human problems - Essay Example The paper is summarized in a concluding paragraph and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. 2. Introduction to the Hobbit Before going into the details of the subject matter, let’s first get to understand what Homo floresiensis actually is. Homo floresiensis, literally meaning Man of Flores, was discovered by Michael Moore’s team at the Liang Bua cave1 on the island of Flores in Indonesia2 on September 2003. Nicknamed as the Hobbit, it is believed to be a species known for its small sized body and brain whose fossils, according to archeologists, have been found somewhere 38,000 to 18,000 years ago3. More specifically speaking, the size is said to be â€Å"only about 1 meter in height and fully bipedal, with a very small brain size of 417cc†4. Homo floresiensis may be called contemporaries of Homo sapiens. Scientists suggest that since it is usual that large mammals may exist on islands in their dwarf form, hence Homo floresiensis may also be a dwarf f orm of Homo erectus. Mayell5 states that the skulls of the tiny humans were the size of grapefruits and they lived on pygmy elephants, Komodo dragons, and big rats found on the island. 3. Homo Floresiensis (LB1) in Human Evolution 3.1. ... The found specimen, LB1, contains leg bones, hands, feet, pelvis, and other remains which are both primitive and derived. LB1 is said to be the fossil of an adult who might be the age of 30. An analysis of its pelvis revealed that it was the skeleton of a female. It would have been a bit larger on size if it was a male although all fossil found so far are of the same size as LB1. Since, the individual was of young age, the bones of the skeleton had not fossilized as yet and are reported to be in the consistency of mashed potatoes or wet blotting paper. The brain size is as small as 380cc that is a chimpanzee’s brain’s size. With the fossils of LB1, some stone tools were also found which a homini with such a small sized brain cannot make. Thus the tools are believed to be created by Homo sapiens. Anthropologists, for example, Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues argue about LB1 that â€Å"it was contemporaneous with modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Floresâ⠂¬ 6. 3.2. Evolution Homo floresiensis are said to have evolved from Homo erectus and the result is a tremendous decrease in the body and brain size. Because of the reduced brain size, archeologists also suggest that the â€Å"floresiensis might actually have evolved from something smaller, such as the Dmanisi hominids found in Georgia, some of which have brain sizes between 600 and 700 cc, smaller than the 800-900cc typical of early erectus†7. Also, when stone tools were found on another location in Flores in 1998, it was said that these tools may be the creation of Homo erectus because these were the pre-sapiens hominids existing in Indonesia who are thought to have crossed the sea-passage that separates Flores from Java. Some archeologists believe that these

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Literature - Essay Example The point of view literary device in the story is crucial in deciding the perception and stance of the story as it progresses (Dupriez 29). This is a strong influence in determining the overall tone of the story. The author switches point of view a couple of times. At some point, it will be of one of the slaves, and then it switches to the master of the plantation (Murphy 97). This way, the readers are able to take a look into the person's mind and understand their feelings and thoughts better. For example, in Chapter 7 where Eliza is trying to escape and save her child, the narrative is in her point of view: She wondered within herself at the strength that seemed to be come upon her;...and every flutter of fear seemed to increase the supernatural power that bore her on, while from her pale lips burst forth, in frequent ejaculations, the prayer to a Friend above,—â€Å"Lord, help! Lord, save me!†. (Perkins 381) After several paragraphs, the point of view shifts to other characters. Stowe writes â€Å"Andy looked up innocently at Sam, surprised at hearing this new geographical fact, but instantly confirmed what he said by a vehement reiteration† (Perkins 387). Such strategy makes the lines more personal, and provides the readers with a reading experience that makes them understand each person independently. The imagery literary device in the story helps readers create mental pictures of scenes in the story which helps them experience the events more vividly (Dupriez 32). Imagery plays a crucial part in providing mental sketches of important events and scenes such as the deaths of each slave or even the Shelby mansion (Murphy 99-100). This is also evident in the dramatic scene in Chapter 7 where Eliza is running away. The imagery in this scene helps the readers experience the dread, worry, and fear that Eliza is feeling that very moment. ...the bare thought of putting him out of her arms made her shudder, and she strained him to her bosom wit h a convulsive grasp as she went rapidly forward. (Perkins 381) Imagery is used on several parts of the novel. Another example is in showing the experiences a slave endures at the hands of a cruel master. In Chapter 40, Stowe writes â€Å"Legree stood aghast, and looked at Tom; and there was such a silence that the tick of the old clock could be heard, measuring, with silent touch, the last moments of mercy and probation to that hardened heart† (Perkins 396). The reader can almost feel the deafening silence as the slave waits for his Master's reaction. The foreshadowing literary device (Dupriez 19) is seldom used in this novel, but when used, it is in such a powerful manner that makes the readers dread for what they are sure is about to happen (Murphy 105). For example, in Chapter 40 again, Stowe writes â€Å"It was but a moment. There was one hesitating pause,—one irresolute, relenting thrill,—and the spirit of evil came back, with sevenfold vehemence;† (Perkins 396). Readers can immediately feel that despite the hesitation, the quiet moment of reluctance, the comeback of evil will bring Tom something that is even more dangerous, and even fatal. Furthermore, foreshadowing is evident in this line â€Å"Like his Master, he knew that if he saved others, himself he could not save; nor could utmost extremity wring from him words save of prayer and holy trust† (Perkins 397). Here, readers are made to see the eventual fate that